1) The gastrointestinal tract. In: Pathologic Basis of Disease, Kumar V, Abbas Abul K, Fausto N (ed). 7th ed, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2005, p 856-866.
2) Wendum D, Boelle VR, Rigau V, Sebbagh N, Olschwang S, Mourra N, et al. Mucinous colon cacinomas with microsatellite instability have a low microvessel density and lower vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Virchows Arch 2003; 442: 111-117.
3) Cassano A, Bagala C, Battelli C, Schinzari G, Quirino M, Ratto C, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, mitogen activated protein kinase and p53 in human colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 2179-2184.
4) Leek RD, Hunt NC, Landers RJ, Lewis CE, Royds JA, Haris AL. Macrophage infiltration is associated with VEGF and EGFR expresion in breast cancer. J Pathol 2000; 190: 430-436.
5) Shimura S, Yang G, Ebara S, Wheeler TM, Frolov A, Thompson TC. Reduced infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in human prostate cancer: association with cancer progression. Cancer Res 2000; 60; 5857-5861.
6) Hashimoto I, Kodama J, Seki N, Hongo A, Miyagi Y, Yoshinouchi M et al. Macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis in endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 4853-4856.
7) Ohno S, Inagawa H, Soma GI, Nagasue N. Role of tumor associated macrophage in malignant tumors: should the location of the infiltrated macrophages be taken into account during evaluation? Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 4269-4276.
8) Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. The role of tumor associated macrophages in tumour progression: implication for new anticancer therapies. J Pathol 2002; 196: 254-265.
9) Leek RD, Lewis CE, Whitehouse R, Greenall M, Clarke J, Haris AL. Association of macrophage infiltration with angiogenesis and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 4625-29.
10) Diefenbach A, Hsia JK, Hsiung MYB, Raulet DH. A novel ligand for the NKG2D receptor activates NK cells and macrophages and induces tumor immunity. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 381-391.
11) Chen WS, Kitson RP, Goldfarb RH. Modulation of human NK cell lines by vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor VEGF-1. In vivo 2002; 16: 439-445.
12) Li XF, Charnock-Jones DS, Zhang E, Hiby S, Malik S, Day K, et al. Angiogenic growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in uterine naturel killer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(4): 1823-1834.
13) Puxeddu I, Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells and eosinophils: A novel link between inflammation and angiogenesis in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;116(3):531-536.
14) Fisher ER, Paik M, Rockette H, Jones J, Caplan R, Fisher B. Prognostic significance of eosinophils and mast cells in rectal cancer. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 159-163.
15) Bethwaite PB, Holloway LJ, Yeong ML, Thornton A. Effect of tumour associated tissue eosinophilia on survival of women with stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix. J Clin Pathol 1993; 45: 1016-1020.
16) Leighton SE, Teo JG, Leung SF, Cheung AY, Lee JC, Van Hasselt CA. Prevalance and prognostic significance of tumor associated tissue eosinophilia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 77: 436-444.
17) Cooper SH. Intestinal neoplasms. In: Sternberg’s Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Mills SE, Carter D, Reuter V, Greenson JK, Stoler MH, Oberman HA (eds). 4th ed. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2004, p1573.
18) Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Eng J Med 1991; 324: 1-8.
19) Nakayama Y, Nagashima N, Minagawa N, Inoue Y, Katsuki T, Onitsuka K, et al. Relationships between tumor associated macrophages and clinicopathological factors in patients with colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 4291-4296.
20) Takanami I, Takeuchi K, Kodaira S. Tumor associated macrophage infiltration in pulmonary adenocarcinoma: Association with angiogenesis and poor prognosis. Oncology 1999; 57: 138-142.
21) Khorana AA, Ryan CK, Cox C, Eberly S, Sahasrabudhe DM. Vascular endothelial growth factor, CD68 and epidermal growth factor receptor expression and survival in patients with stage 2 and stage 3 colon carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97: 960-967.
22) Barbera-Guilem E, Nyhus JK, Wolford CC, Friece CR, Sampsel JW. Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by tumor infiltrating macrophages essentially supports tumor angiogenesis, and IgG immune complexes. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 7042-7049.
23) Eerola AK, Soini Y, Paakko P. A high number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with small tumor size, low tumor stage and a favorable prognosis in operated small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 1875-1881.
24) Tataroğlu C, Kargı A, Özkal S, Eşrefoğlu N, Akkoçlu A. Association of macrophages, mast cells and eosinophil leukocytes with angiogenesis and tumor stage in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004; 43: 47-54.
25) Hoshino M, Takahashi M, Aoike N. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and angiogenin immunoreactivity in asthmatic airways and its relationship to angiogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 295-301.
26) Pretlow TP, Keith ET, Cryar AK, Bartolucci AA, Pitts AM, Pretlow TG, et al. Eosinophil infiltration of human colonic carcinomas as a prognostic indicator. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 2997-3000.
27) Shunyakov L, Ryan CK, Sahasrabudhe DM, Khorani AA. The influence of host response on colorectal cancer prognosis. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2004; 4(1): 38-45.
28) Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Galindo-Gallego M, Sanz J, Aljama A. Prognostic influence of tumor-associated eosinophilic infiltrate in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88(7): 1544-1548.
29) Nielsen HJ, Hansen U, Christensen IJ, Reimert CM, Brunner N, Oesgaard F. Independent prognostic value of eosinophil and mast cell infiltration in colorectal cancer tissue. J Pathol 1999; 189(4): 487-495.
30) Hayakawa Y, Takeda K, Yagita H, Smyth MJ, Van Kaer L, Okumura K, et al. IFN-gamma mediated inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by naturel killer T-cell ligand, alpha-galactosylceramide. Blood 2002; 100(5): 1728-1733.
31) Cho Y, Miyamoto M, Kato K, Fukunaga A, Shichinohe T, Kawarada Y, et al. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells cooperate to improve prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1555-1559.
32) Coca S, Pigueras JP, Martinez D, Colmenarejo A, Saez MA, Vallejo C, et al. The prognostic significance of intratumoral natural killer cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 79: 2320-8.
33) Ishigami S, Natsugoe S, Tokuda K, Nakajo A, Che X, Iwashige H, et al. Prognostic value of intratumoral natural killer cells in gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 577-83.
34) Villegas FR, Coca S, Villarubia VG, Jimenez R, Chillon MJ, Jareno J, et al. Prognostic significance of tumor infiltating NK cells subset CD57 in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer