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2010, Volume 26, Number 2, Page(s) 136-139
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DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2010.01010
Angiogenesis in Breast Cancers without Lymph Node Metastasis
Nusret ERDOĞAN, Aylin DENGİZMEN, Ayşenur AKYILDIZ İĞDEM, Elife ŞAHAN , Ümit SEZA TETİKKURT
Department of Medical Pathology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, İSTANBUL, TURKEY
Keywords: Breast cancer, Metastasis, Angiogenesis, Progesterone receptor
Abstract
Objective: Many studies have been focused on angiogenesis as a possible prognostic factor, recently. In this study, we evaluated microvessel density by CD34 in primary tumors of the patients with lymph node negative breast carcinomas and compared the results with prognostic parameters.

Material and Method: 31 patients with invasive breast carcinomas without axillary lymph node metastasis were included in this study. Microvessel density was assessed by CD34 staining in the primary tumor and compared with the tumor type and prognostic parameters such as age, tumor size, nuclear grade, lymphatic vessel invasion, and estrogen and progesteron reseptor status. CD34 staining was evaluated in three areas by x200 magnification.

Results: The mean value microvessel density of CD34 staining in the primary tumor was 43 (minimum 19 and maximum 100). There was a significant relationship between microvessel density and progesterone receptor expression. microvessel density was higher in lobular type breast carcinoma.

Conclusion: The correlation between progesterone receptor status and microvessel density should be further confirmed by prospective studies. The high microvessel density rate in lobular carcinoma may be attributed to abundance of stromal cells or to the low number of patients.
Introduction
Factors other than cell kinetics modify the rate of tumor growth. Most important among these is the blood supply1. Tumors can not enlarge beyond 1 to 2 mm in diameter unless they are vascularized2. This is partly because of hipoxia-induced apoptosis1. Angiogenesis is requisite not only for continuing tumor growth but also for metastasis3. Without access to the vasculature tumor cells can not metastasize. Angiogenesis in breast carcinoma measured by microvessel density (MVD) is proved to have prognostic importance4-11.
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    • Methods
    The initial assesment of CD34 stained sections were done both at 40x and 100x magnification and 3 most intense vascularized fields were selected for counting. MVD in necrotic or low cellular fields and areas adjacent to benign breast tissue were no evaluated. Brown stained endothelial cells or group of endothelial cells and vessels clearly separated from neighbouring vessels were counted. Branching vessels were counted as one. The presence of a lumen or an eritrosit in a lumen was not requisite for determining a countable vessel. The counting was done in three fields at x200 magnification using Nikon E200 type microscope (x200 field size corresponds to 0.785 mm2).
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    • Results
    Median age was 55 (minimum 35 and maximum 84). Median tumor size was 2.72 (minimum 1 cm and maximum is 7 cm). 27 patients (87%) were diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma and four as lobular carcinoma. (12.9%). Histologic grade was given only for ductal carcinoma cases. The summary of the study results is given in Table I.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Table I: The group of cases for statistical assesment

    Median MVD value of CD34 stained sections in three areas (x200) was 43 (minimum 19 and maximum 100) (Figures 1 and 2). MVD was higher in the peripheral than in the central parts of tumors.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Figure 1: Low MVD in invasive ductal carcinoma (AEC, x100)


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Figure 2: High MVD in invasive ductal carcinoma (AEC, x100)

    The relationship between MVD and other parameters
    The results of the relationship between MVD and other parameters assesed by Fischer test was given in Table II.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Table II: The correlation between MVD and other parameters

    We found a relationship between MVD and progesterone receptor expression. Besides, there was a weak correlation between NG and vessel density. However, this correlation was not proved by variance analysis (ANOVA).

    The relationship between MVD and tumor type
    Mann Whitney U and ANOVA tests were used to assess the relation between tumor type and MVD. The results are given in Table III. There was a relation between tumor type and MVD. Median MVD was 66.5 in lobular carcinoma and 39.8 in ductal carcinoma.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Table III: The relationship between tumor type and MVD

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    • Discussion
    Studies investigating angiogenesis and prognostic parameters in invasive breast carcinoma revealed a relationship between MVD and histologic grade6,8,12. Gasparani et al also defined a relationship with premenapousal period and early age6. Moreover, Bosari et al found that MVD is asscociated with vascular invasion5. However, there are also some studies detecting no correlation between angiogenesis and other well-known parameters7,13,14. In a unique study by Vameşu S evaluating 158 needle core biopsies from breast cancer patients, high MVD was associated with negative progesterone receptor expression15. In contrast, we found a positive relationship between progesteron receptor and MVD. Therefore, the correlation between PR status and MVD should be further investigated by large number of series.

    We noticed an increase in MVD in 4 cases of lobular carcinoma. The difference in MVD between invasive ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma was statistically proven. Nakopoulou et al also found high MVD with factor VIII in invasive lobular carcinoma. However, they stated that they could not find the same difference with CD31. They also asserted invasive lobular carcinomas with high MVD had better prognostic parameters such as absence of metastasis and positive estrogen receptor expression16. This can be explained by prominent number of stromal cells in invasive lobular carcinoma whih may react with endothelial cell markers. Compared to factor VIII and CD31, CD34 was shown to be the best in determining microvessels with no CD34 immunreactivity in tumor or inflammatory cells17. Nevertheless, perivascular stromal cells may express CD3418. The high MVD rate in lobular carcinoma in our study may partly attributed to these stromal cells, since a precise judgment would not be made based on only four cases.

    In a study investigating interobserver variability in deciding the most representative area showing intense staining (i.e. highest MVD), a significant difference was found between individual observers19. Fridman et al pointed out that there may be a remarkable difference in staining intensity in different sections of the same paraffin block or in different blocks of the same tumor14. There is a clear-cut difference in MVD (per mm2) in lymph node negative breast cancers in the literature19. In the current study, we used the most accepted criteria by Weidner4. We investigated MVD in one block including the peripheral portions of the tumor considering the previous studies reporting that these areas show more intense staining12,15,18. According to this criterion mean MVD value was 43 (in 0.79mm2) in 31 cases of lymph node negative breast carcinoma. This value was close to Weidner's study in which a mean value of 45 (in 0.74 mm2) was found4.

    In their study Cunnick et al found high lyphangiogenesis rates with specific lymphatic markers in breast cancer compared to normal breast. In addition, carcinomas with regional lymph node metastasis showed high expression rates compared to those without metastasis20. Abd El Moneim et al found breast carcinomas with high MVD can predict metastasis in axillar lymph nodes. They also concluded that MVD has a useful effect on predicting not only prognosis but also the cases which will benefit from antiangiogenic therapies added to adjuvant therapies21.

    The prognostic value of angiogenesis is controversial. Many studies proved that MVD in invasive breast carcinoma has a prognostic value4-10 although some others did not12-14. MVD is an important indicator of prognosis in lymph node negative breast carcinoma and also has an effect in determining those with poor prognosis6,8,11.

    We think that the correlation of angiogenesis with progesterone status should be confirmed by prospective studies using different therapeutic strategies like antiangiogenic molecules. Although the high MVD in invasive lobular carcinoma in this study may be due to stromal cells or low number of patients the relation between angiogenesis and hormone receptors should also be clarified.
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    • References

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    20) Cunnick GH, Jiang WG, Jones TD, Watkins G, Gomez KF, Morgan MJ, Subramanian A, Mokbel K, Masel RE: Lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Molecular Cancer 2008, 7:23. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-7-23

    21) Abd El-moneim N, Ebid Abd El-moneim S, Kazem A, Saad A, Mousa S, El-abd E, Hewala T: The role of angiogenesis assesment in the prognosis of breast carcinoma and in the evaluation of the therapeutic effect of ‘shark care' drug as an angiogenesis inhibitor; Turk J Cancer 2008, 38:123-124
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  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
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