Our patient was a 17-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital with complaints of irregular menstruation and right groin pain for the last 3 months. There was no remarkable finding in the physical examination. ‘Sex-cord stromal tumor (luteinized thecoma)' could not be excluded in the intraoperative frozen section. The diagnosis was reported as ‘massive ovarian edema' with routine examination.

Pathological evaluation is required because of the difficulty of differentiating these lesions from malignant lesions with radiological methods in the pre-operative period. Although it is a rare lesion, clinicians and pathologists should consider it in the differential diagnosis to avoid aggressive treatment.

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Figure 1: The section surface was generally solid with scattered areas filled with lipid macroscopically, making up a lesion with the consistency of a fish.

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Figure 2: Dilated vessel sections were seen microscopically in a massive edematous stroma between follicular structures.

Acute abdominal pain is a common complaint on presentation. Irregular menstruation is seen more rarely. A palpable adnexal mass or virilization can also be seen^5-7. Our case also had a 3-month history of abdominal pain and irregular menstruation. However, the physical examination did not reveal any abnormality or adnexal mass. There were no virilization findings.

Unilateral cases make up 85% and most are in the right ovary³. Our case was also unilateral and involved the right ovary. Concurrent pathology such as serous cystadenoma has rarely been reported¹.

The most favored hypothesis for the etiology is the development of massive edema as a result of the disturbed venous and lymphatic circulation following complete or partial torsion of the ovary⁸. The stromal cells are thought to show proliferation secondary to lymphedema. Another theory states just the opposite in that the massive edema is supposed to develop following the torsion that develops as a results of growth following stromal proliferation or stromal hyperthecosis¹.

It is believed that bleeding and infarcts do not develop as there are no arterial circulation problems despite the generally disturbed venous and/or lymphatic circulation^3,9. The right ovary had cystic and solid areas and showed torsion but there was no sign of ischemia in our case. However, there have been reports of hemorrhage¹⁰.

It is difficult to preoperatively diagnose massive ovarian edema with imaging techniques despite technological advances. Ultrasonography generally gives the impression of a solid lesion but the lesion has also been defined as a multicystic adnexial mass³. Our lesion was reported to have a cystic area following ultrasonography. It is obvious that the differential diagnosis would not be easy with such varied findings.

The histopathological differential diagnosis can also be difficult. Observation of preserved follicular structures within an edematous stroma can help differentiate the lesion from fibroma and luteinized thecoma, the most important lesions to exclude¹¹. The presence of signet ring cells or other epithelial cells in the stroma should be carefully evaluated to exclude Krukenberg's tumor¹¹. One must also take into account that metastatic tumor cells can cause edema by spreading to the lymphatics in the ovary¹¹.

The fact that massive ovarian edema is rare can make it difficult for a pathologist with limited frozen experience to make the diagnosis. It is therefore important to have detailed clinical information on the case and to be in contact with the actual surgeon during the evaluation. Having more samples from the lesion sent for frozen investigation in our case could have contributed to the diagnosis.

Treatment poses some difficulties. The fact that the patients are young and are of childbearing age indicates a need for conservative treatment while the difficulty in differentiating the lesions from a malignancy without histopathological investigation creates problems. The current approach is frozen biopsy with the wedge resection method and a conservative surgical approach if the diagnosis is massive ovarian edema^3-5.

In conclusion, “massive ovarian edema” is an important lesion as it is seen in young patients of childbearing age and can be difficult to diagnose. The difficulty in differentiation from malignant lesions in the preoperative period emphasizes the need for pathological investigation to make the diagnosis. Although rare, the clinician and pathologist would be wise to consider it in the preliminary diagnosis to prevent a young patient from aggressive treatment.

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