Material and Method: The cervical smears diagnosed in our clinic between 2005-2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Cases which exhibited squamous cell abnormality (n: 374) were evaluated.

Results: The mean age was 45.15±10.78. In the cytopathological results, 256 (68.4%) ASC-US, 21 (5.6%) ASC-H, 31 (8.2%) LSIL, 48 (12.8%) HSIL, and 8 (4.8%) invasive carcinomas were diagnosed. Histopathological results were 213 (57%) nonneoplastic, 85 (22.7%) CIN I, 14 (3.7%) CIN II, 34(9.0%) CIN III and 28 (7.5%) invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Including all squamous cell abnormalities, the sensitivity of the smear test in CIN I and higher grade lesions was 56.95% and the false positivity was 43.04%. Excluding ASC-US and ASC-H lesions, the sensitivity of the smear test was 77.31% and the false positivity was 22.68%. After evaluating cervical cytohistopathological correlation, the positive predictive value was found to be 100% in invasive carcinoma, 62% in HSIL and 38% in LSIL.

Conclusion: As the grade of cytopathological result increases, the correlation between biopsy and the smear test also increases. The high sensitivity of the cervical smear test for high-grade lesions shows that it is an effective screening test.

A significant decrease in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer can be realized with effective cervical cytology screening programs². However, there is also an increase in the diagnosis of precancerous cervix lesions. The aim of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is to detect precancerous cervix lesions before they become invasive cancer. The accuracy of the Pap smear test is evaluated using sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. Evaluating the correlation between cervical cytology and biopsy is the best method of determining the Pap smear test accuracy. However, it is not a perfect method due to the potential sampling and interpretation errors³.

We retrospectively evaluated the correlation with histopathology results in patients who had been cytopathologically found to have squamous cell abnormality with the cervical smear method.

The smears were taken with a CerviBrush® and put on a slide. They were then fixed by using a spray from 25-30 cm and evaluated at our hospital's pathology laboratory. Conventional Pap smear results were classified according to the 2001 Bethesda system. A total of 374 patients with ASC-US (atypical squamous cells - unknown significance), ASC-H (atypical squamous cells where a high-grade lesion cannot be eliminated), LSIL (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion), HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) or invasive carcinoma underwent colposcopic cervical biopsy after 4-6 weeks. Biopsy results were evaluated with the cervical intraepithelial neoplasm classification and the correlation with Pap smear results was investigated.

Biopsy results were divided into 4 groups as nonneoplastic (chronic cervicitis and inflammation-related regenerative changes), LSIL (CIN I/mild dysplasia), HSIL (CIN II and CIN III/moderate and severe dysplasia) and invasive carcinoma.

The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software was used for statistical calculations. A p value <0.05 was considered significant for statistical evaluation. The Spearman correlation test, Tukey HSD for two-way comparisons, one-way variance analysis, the Tamhane test and anova test were used for statistical evaluations. Two-way comparisons were used to create 2x2 tables and calculate the positive predictive values.

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Table I: Distribution of mean ages of cases where a cytopathological epithelial cell abnormality was found

Cytopathologically, there were 256 (68.4%) ASC-US, 21 (5.6%) ASC-H, 31 (8.2%) LSIL, 48 (12.8%) HSIL, 18 (4.8%) invasive carcinoma cases.

We found a significant difference between the ages of the nonneoplastic group and CIN I patients (p=0.001). There was also a significant difference between the ages of CIN I and squamous cell carcinoma patients (p=0.002) (Table II).

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Table II: Distribution of mean ages of histopathological diagnostic groups

Histopathologically, there were 213 (57%) nonneoplastic lesions, 85 (22.7%) CIN I cases, 14 (3.7%) CIN II cases, 34 (9.0%) CIN III cases, and 28 (7.5%) invasive squamous cell carcinomas (Table III).

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Table III: Histopathological evaluation results of cases where epithelial cell abnormalities were found

The relationship between cytopathological and histopathological results was significant (r=0.58, p=0.0001). When all the squamous cell abnormalities in the cervicovaginal cytology was included, the sensitivity of the smear test for CIN I and higher grade lesions was 56.95% (213/374) while false positivity was 43.04% (161/374). When ASC-US and ASC-H were excluded, the sensitivity was 77.31% (75/97) and false positivity 22.68% (22/97).

We were unable to calculate sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value for the patient groups as there were no real negative or false negative groups. The correlation was calculated using the positive predictive values (PPV) according to our study data.

The cyto-histopathological correlation increased in parallel to the grade of PPV and was 100%, 62% and 38% for invasive carcinoma, HSIL and LSIL, respectively (Table IV).

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Table IV: Positive Predictive Values of cyto-histopathological diagnoses

The cyto-histopathological comparison for cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN I-II-III) and invasive carcinoma revealed that the smear test predictive value increased as the epithelial abnormality of the lesion increased and was 30% for ASCUS, 48% for LSIL, 87% for HSIL and 59% for HSIL+LSIL (Table V).

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Table V: Positive Predictive Values of Cytology Groups

A cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN II-III) was found in 3-5% of the total ASCUS cases. Comparison of the cervical invasive disease correlation of ASCUS and ASC-H cases showed a higher correlation value for ASC-H than ASCUS.

It is recommended that screening should be started in developed countries as soon as the patient becomes sexually active. The screening interval varies between 1 and 5 years by country. Many associations in Turkey suggest sexually active women over the age of 18 to undergo a smear test once a year for the first 3 years and then to be repeated every 3-5 years if the first 3 tests are negative⁵. Additional methods such as cervicography and HPV DNA typing are also used for diagnosis.

It is difficult to definitely establish PPV of the Pap smear test for preinvasive lesions. The literature figures are 50-90% for sensitivity and 31-90% for specificity⁶. The PPV is 17-89% for preinvasive or microinvasive lesions and almost 100% for squamous cell carcinoma^7-10. This wide range for sensitivity indicates that all abnormal smear results should be evaluated.

The February 1999 AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research) report has stated that conventional Pap smear sensitivity is not as high as previously reported¹¹. The conventional Pap smear sensitivity was mentioned as 51% and the specificity as 98% in this report. It was also reported that cervical cytology detected high risk lesions more accurately when the threshold value was high while a low threshold value (LSIL/ASCUS) led to lower possibility of finding low-risk or high-risk dysplasia¹¹.

A study where the cyto-histopathological correlation of 283 cases was analyzed showed full match between the cytology and biopsy in 51% of the cases while this rate was 63.9% and 74.6% for low-grade and high-grade lesions, respectively. Cervical cytology sensitivity was 91.7%¹².

We found increased cyto-histopathological correlation with the cervical intraepithelial lesion as the degree of epithelial cell abnormality increased. The PPV was 30% for ASCUS, 48% for LSIL, 87% for HSIL, and 59% for HSIL+LSIL. We evaluated the cervical cytology and biopsy correlation again after matching the Bethesda terminology counterpart of the smear results with the CIN terminology result of the biopsy results. The PPV again showed an increase with the lesion degree and was 38%, 62% and 100% for LSIL, HSIL and invasive carcinoma cases, respectively.

Cervical precancerous lesions can be detected approximately 10 years before they become cancerous with the Pap smear screening. Comparison of the ages of our patients revealed a significant difference between CIN I and invasive carcinoma. The mean age for the CIN I group was 40.14 while the squamous cell carcinoma group had a mean age of 51.21 with a difference of over 10 years. This indicates that a period where lesions can be detected and treated before they become cancerous exists.

The clinical results of patients diagnosed as ASC-US and ASC-H by cervical smear can show great variety, from clearly benign lesions to potentially serious lesions and it is therefore not possible to provide a definite classification. Various laboratories report a cervical intraepithelial lesion rate of 15-43% among ASC-US cases^13-15. We found nonneoplastic changes in 179 (69.9%), CIN I in 68 (26.6%), CIN II in 6 (2.3%) and CIN III in 3 (1.2%) ASC-UC cases. The total rate of cervical intraepithelial lesions among cases with an ASC-US smear result was 30%. The 21 cases with an ASC-H diagnosis were diagnosed as nonneoplastic in 12 (57.1%), CIN I in 3 (14.2%), CIN II in 3 (14.2%) and CIN III in 3 (14.2%). The total rate of cervical intraepithelial lesion in ASC-H cases was 42.8%. The higher CIN II and CIN III rates in cases reported as ASC-H indicates a need for closer follow-up of these patients.

The false positive cases' follow up in this study showed regenerative changes due to chronic cervicitis or inflammation. The mean age of cases having a smear performed was also quite high (mean age=45.16). The decreased estrogen in the postmenopausal period leads to larger squamous cell nuclei and smaller cytoplasm size (atrophy). The addition of inflammation-related regenerative changes to these aging-related physiological changes makes differentiation from neoplastic lesions difficult¹⁶. This increases the rate of smears reported as ASC-US. Most cases at our hospital present symptoms related to menopause or an infection and there are almost no patients who had smear tests for screening.

Another reason for the false high positivity rate may be the lack of a specialized histopathologist in our hospital. Cytotechnicians evaluate the cervicovaginal smear test in developed countries such as the U.S.A. and a second evaluation is by a specialized cytopathologist is suggested if abnormal changes are noticed¹⁶. Cervicovaginal smears are usually obtained from patients presenting at the hospital for infection or menopause in our country and almost all these preparations contain regenerative cytopathological changes. The most common finding in false positive cases is also regenerative changes and their evaluation therefore becomes more important. It is suggested that regenerative changes can be divided into typical and atypical and the atypical regeneration group in particular be added to the ASC-US group.¹⁷. The low number of pathologists in our county also makes it difficult for cases presenting difficulties with the differentiation between ASCUS and regenerative lesion to be evaluated by a second pathologist.

Differentiation of regenerative changes from neoplastic lesions in the smear test requires taking a biopsy after 3 positive results in cases where ASCUS is found. However, hospitals like ours where patient follow-up is not possible due to the low socioeconomic level of the patient population usually proceed to endo-ectocervical biopsy with colposcopy even after a single positive result. This leads to an increased false positivity rate.

Other studies have demonstrated a relatively low level of false positivity in university hospitals in our country¹⁸. However the mean age of the patient population is lower and the socioeconomic level is higher in these studies. This leads to a lower rate of regenerative changes and atrophic cells that were seen in our study and created difficulties in the differential diagnosis with ASCUS. These hospitals also have specialized cytopathologists¹⁸. It is possible for the specialized cytopathologist to review cases where there are diagnostic difficulties between ASCUS and regenerative change.

A study has found 79.09% cyto-histopathological correlation in cases with a positive diagnosis regarding epithelial abnormality and cervicitis and regenerative changes were the pathologies found most commonly in false positive cases¹⁵. Another study on cyto-histopathological correlation found a false negativity rate of 5.3% and false positivity rate of 3.5%. The most common cause of false negativity was sampling error¹⁷.

In conclusion, increased degree of neoplasia in cervical lesions increases the correlation between Pap smear and biopsy. The high sensitivity of the Pap smear test for high-grade neoplastic lesions shows that it is an effective screening test for cervical cancer and precursor lesions if used at suitable intervals. However, the cervical smear test is still not used at adequate levels as a screening test in our country. Most cases undergoing the cervical smear test have presented at the hospital for menopause or infection. This increases the risk of false positivity. Our country therefore needs programs that will increase the use of the cervicovaginal smear test as a screening test and decrease the mean age of the screening group.

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